Static Methods
class Car {
static var MilesToKM = 1.60934;
static double kilometersToMiles(
double km) {
return km / 1.60934;
}
void accelerate() {}
void decelerate() {}
void stop() {}
void printSpeed() {}
}
Variables
int n1 = 5; // explicitly typed
var n2 = 4; // type inferred
// n2 = “abc”; // error
dynamic n3 = 4; // dynamic means n3
// can take on any
// type
n3 = “abc”;
double n4; // n4 is null
String s1 = ‘Hello, world!’;
var s2 = “Hello, world!”;
Constants
const PI = 3.14; // const is used
// for compile-time constant
final area = PI * 5*5;
// final variables can only be set
// once
Conditional Expressions
var grade = 3;
var reply = grade > 3 ? “Cool”:”Not
cool”;
var input; // input is null
var age = input ?? 0;
print(age); // 0
Functions
void doSomething() {
print(“doSomething()”);
}
int addNums1(num1, num2, num3) {
return num1+num2+num3;
}
doSomething();
print(addNums1(1,2,3));
Arrow Syntax
void doSomethingElse() {
doSomething();
}
// the above can be rewritten using
// arrow syntax
void doSomethingElse() =>
doSomething();
Optional Positional Parameters
int addNums2(num1, [num2=0, num3=0])
{
return num1+num2+num3;
}
print(addNums2(1));
print(addNums2(1,2));
print(addNums2(1,2,3));
Named Parameters
// named parameters
int addNums3({num1, num2, num3}) {
return num1+num2+num3;
}
print(addNums3(
num1:1,num2:2,num3:3));
Optional Named Parameters
int addNums4(num1, {num2=0, num3=0})
{
return num1+num2+num3;
}
print(addNums4(1));
print(addNums4(1,num3:2));
print(addNums4(1,num2:5,num3:2));
Parsing
var s1 = “123”;
var s2 = “12.56”;
var s3 = “12.a56”;
var s4 = “12.0”;
print(num.parse(s1)); // 123
print(num.parse(s2)); // 12.56
print(num.parse(s3));
// FormatException: 12.a56
print(num.tryParse(s3)); // null
String Interpolation
var s1 = “Hello”;
var s2 = “world”;
var s3 = s1 + “, ” + s2;
var s = “${s3}!”;
print(s); // Hello, world!
print(“Sum of 5 and 6 is ${5+6}”);
// Sum of 5 and 6 is 11
List (Arrays)
// dynamic list
var arr = [1,2,3,4,5];
print(arr.length); // 5
print(arr[1]); // 2
arr[4] *= 2;
print(arr[4]); // 10
arr.add(6);
print(arr); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 6]
List arr2;
arr2 = arr;
arr2[1] = 9;
print(arr); // [1, 9, 3, 4, 10, 6]
print(arr2); // [1, 9, 3, 4, 10, 6]
// fixed size list
var arr3 = new List(3);
print(arr3); // [null, null, null]
arr3.add(5);
// Uncaught exception:
// Unsupported operation: add
Map
var details = {“name”:”Sam”,
“age”:”40″};
print(details);
var devices = new Map();
var apple = [“iPhone”,”iPad”];
var samsung = [“S10″,”Note 10”];
devices[“Apple”] = apple;
devices[“Samsung”] = samsung;
for (String company in
devices.keys) {
print(company);
for (String device in
devices[company]) {
print(device);
}
}
Lambda Functions
var nums = new
List<int>.generate(10, (i) => i);
print(nums);
// [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
var odds = nums.where(
(n) => n % 2 == 1).toList();
print(odds); // [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
var sum = nums.reduce(
(s,n) => s + n);
print(sum); // 45
var prices = nums.map(
(n) => “\$$n”).toList();
print(prices);
// [$0, $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7,
// $8, $9]
Higher Order Functions
var names = [“Jimmy”,”TIM”,”Kim”];
// sort alphabetically with case
// insensitivity
names.sort(
(a, b) =>
a.toUpperCase().compareTo(
b.toUpperCase())
);
print(names);
// [Jimmy, Kim, TIM]
// sort by length of name
names.sort((a,b) {
if (a.length > b.length)
return 1;
else
return -1;
});
print(names);
// [Kim, TIM, Jimmy]
List bubbleSort(List items, bool
Function (int,int) compareFunction)
{
for (var j=0; j<items.length-1;
j++) {
var swapped = false;
for (var i=0;
i<items.length-1-j; i++) {
if (!compareFunction(items[i],
items[i+1])) {
var t = items[i+1];
items[i+1] = items[i];
items[i] = t;
swapped = true;
}
}
if (!swapped) break;
}
return items;
}
var nums = [5,2,8,7,9,4,3,1];
// sort in ascending order
var sortedNums = bubbleSort(nums,
(n1,n2) => n1<n2);
print(sortedNums);
// sort in descending order
sortedNums = bubbleSort(nums,
(n1,n2) => n1>n2);
print(sortedNums);
Iterations
for (int i=0;i<5; i++) {
print(i);
} // prints 0 to 4
var list = [1,2,3,4,5];
for (final i in list) {
print(i);
} // prints 1 to 5
int i=0;
while (i < 5) {
print(i);
i++;
} // prints 0 to 4
i = 0;
do {
print(i);
i++;
} while (i<5);
// prints 0 to 4
Class
class MyLocation {
}
// type inference
var loc1 = new MyLocation();
// declare and initialize
MyLocation loc2 = new MyLocation();
Properties
class MyLocation {
// read/write properties
var lat;
var lng;
// read-only property
final arrived = false;
}
loc1.lat = 57.123;
loc1.lng = 37.22;
// loc1.arrived = true; // error
var arr = loc1.arrived;
Methods
class MyLocation {
// read/write properties
var lat;
var lng;
// read-only property
final arrived = false;
void someMethod() {
}
}
loc1.someMethod();
Constructors
class MyLocation {
// read/write properties
var lat;
var lng;
// read-only property
final arrived = false;
// unnamed constructor
MyLocation() {
this.lat = 0;
this.lng = 0;
}
// named constructor
MyLocation.withPosition(
var lat, var lng) {
this.lat = lat;
this.lng = lng;
}
void someMethod() {
}
}
var loc1 = new MyLocation();
var loc2 = new
MyLocation.withPosition(
57.123,37.22);
Getters and Setters
class MyLocation {
double _lat;
double _lng;
double get lat => _lat;
set lat (double value) {
if (value > 90 || value < -90) {
throw(“Invalid latitude”);
}
_lat = value;
}
double get lng => _lng;
set lng (double value) {
if (value > 180 ||
value < -180) {
throw(“Invalid longitude”);
}
_lng = value;
}
// read-only property
final arrived = false;
// unnamed constructor
MyLocation() {
this.lat = 0;
this.lng = 0;
}
// named constructor
MyLocation.withPosition(
var lat, var lng) {
this.lat = lat;
this.lng = lng;
}
void someMethod() {
}
}
var loc1 = new MyLocation();
var loc2 = new
MyLocation.withPosition(
57.123,37.22);
loc1.lat = 57.123;
loc1.lng = 37.22;
loc2.lat = 999;
// Uncaught exception:Invalid
// latitude
Inheritance
// abstract class cannot be
// instantiated directly
abstract class Shape {
double length;
double width;
// without this zero-argument
// constructor, class cannot be
// extended
Shape() {
this.length = 0;
this.width = 0;
}
// constructor with another name
Shape.withDimension(double length,
double width){
this.length = length;
this.width = width;
}
double perimeter() {
return 2 * (this.length +
this.width);
}
double area() {
return this.length * this.width;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
Rectangle() {}
Rectangle.withDimension(
double length, double width):
super.withDimension(
length, width);
}
Final Class
// Square cannot be extended (it
// does not have a zero-argument
// constructor)
class Square extends Rectangle {
Square(double length):
super.withDimension(
length, length);
}
Square s = new Square(5);
print(s.area()); // 25
print(s.perimeter()); // 20
Overriding
class Circle extends Shape {
Circle(double radius):
super.withDimension(
radius, radius);
double area() {
return 3.14 * this.length *
this.length;
}
double perimeter() {
return (2 * 3.14 * this.length);
}
// overloading of methods not
// supported in Dart
}
Circle c = new Circle(6);
print(c.area());
// 113.03999999999999
print(c.perimeter()); // 37.68
Interfaces
class CarInterface {
void accelerate() {
// default implementation
…
}
void decelerate() {}
void accelerateBy(int amount) {}
}
class MyCar implements
CarInterface {
void accelerate() {
}
void decelerate() {
}
void accelerateBy(int amount) {
}
}